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Home / What if Samuel Slater Had Not Migrated to America

What if Samuel Slater Had Not Migrated to America

English-American industrialist

Samuel Slater
Samuel Slater industrialist.jpg
Born June 9, 1768 (1768-06-09)

Belper, Derbyshire, England
Died April 21, 1836(1836-04-21) (aged 67)

Webster, Massachusetts, Usa
Occupation Industrialist, author
Known for Bringing the Industrial Revolution to the U.S. from U.k.
Spouse(s)

Hannah Wilkinson Slater

​

​

(1000. 1791; died 1812)​


Esther Parkinson

​

(m. 1817)​
Signature
Samuel Slater signature.svg

Samuel Slater (June 9, 1768 – Apr 21, 1835) was an early English-American industrialist known every bit the "Male parent of the American Industrial Revolution" (a phrase coined by Andrew Jackson) and the "Father of the American Factory Organization". In the UK, he was called "Slater the Traitor"[2] and "Sam the Slate" considering he brought British textile applied science to the United States, modifying information technology for American use. He stole the material manufactory machinery designs as an apprentice to a pioneer in the British industry before migrating to the United States at the age of 21. He designed the kickoff textile mills in the United states of america and afterwards went into business organization for himself, developing a family business organisation with his sons. He somewhen owned xiii spinning mills and had developed tenant farms and company towns around his material mills, such as Slatersville, Rhode Island.

Early on life [edit]

Samuel Slater was born in Belper, Derbyshire, England, to William and Elizabeth Slater, on June 9, 1768, the fifth son in a farming family of eight children. He received a basic education, possibly at a school run by Thomas Jackson.[2] At age ten, he began work at the cotton mill opened that year by Jedediah Strutt using the water frame pioneered by Richard Arkwright at nearby Cromford Mill. In 1782, his male parent died, and his family indentured Samuel as an apprentice to Strutt.[3] Slater was well trained by Strutt and, by age 21, he had gained a thorough knowledge of the organization and practice of cotton spinning.

He learned of the American interest in developing similar machines, and he was also aware of British law against exporting the designs. He therefore memorized as much equally he could and departed for New York in 1789. Some people of Belper called him "Slater the Traitor", equally they considered his motion a betrayal of the town where many earned their living at Strutt's mills.[iv]

American factories [edit]

In 1789, leading Rhode Island industrialist Moses Dark-brown moved to Pawtucket, Rhode Island to operate a mill in partnership with his son-in-law William Almy and cousin Smith-Brown.[2] Almy & Brown, as the company was to exist called, was housed in a former fulling mill nearly the Pawtucket Falls of the Blackstone River. They planned to industry fabric for auction, with yarn to be spun on spinning wheels, jennies, and frames, using water ability. In Baronial, they acquired a 32-spindle frame "later the Arkwright pattern" but could not operate it. At this point, Slater wrote to them, offering his services. Slater realized that aught could be done with the machinery equally information technology stood and convinced Brown of his knowledge. He promised: "If I do not brand a adept yarn, as they practise in England, I volition have nothing for my services but will throw the whole of what I have attempted over the span."[5] In 1790, he signed a contract with Brown to replicate the British designs. Their deal provided Slater the funds to build the water frames and associated machinery, with a half share in their capital value and the profits derived from them. By December, the store was operational with 10 to twelve workers. Past 1791, Slater had some machinery in functioning, despite shortages of tools and skilled mechanics. In 1793, Slater and Brown opened their get-go factory in Pawtucket.

Slater knew the secret of Arkwright'due south success—namely, that account had to exist taken of varying fiber lengths—only he also understood Arkwright's carding, cartoon, and roving machines. He also had the feel of working with all the elements as a continuous production system. During construction, Slater made some adjustments to the designs to fit local needs. The issue was the first successful h2o-powered roller spinning material factory in America.

After developing this mill, Slater instituted management principles that he had learned from Strutt and Arkwright to teach workers to be skilled mechanics.

In 1812, Slater built the Quondam Green Manufactory, later known as Cranston Print Works, in East Village in Webster, Massachusetts. He moved to Webster due in office to an bachelor workforce, merely likewise due to abundant water power from Webster Lake.[6]

Direction style [edit]

A circa-1835 spinning frame at Slater Manufactory

Slater created the "Rhode Isle System", factory practices based upon family life patterns in New England villages. Children aged 7 to 12 were the offset employees of the mill; Slater personally supervised them closely. The first kid workers were hired in 1790.[7].[ citation needed ]

In 1798, Samuel Slater split from Almy and Brown, forming Samuel Slater & Company in partnership with his begetter-in-law Oziel Wilkinson. They developed other mills in Rhode Isle, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New Hampshire.[viii]

In 1799, he was joined by his blood brother John Slater from England. John was a wheelwright who had spent time studying the latest English developments and might well accept gained feel of the spinning mule.[2] Samuel put John Slater in charge of a large mill called the White Mill.[ix]

Past 1810, Slater held role ownership in three factories in Massachusetts and Rhode Island. In 1823, he bought a factory in Connecticut. He also built factories to brand the material manufacturing mechanism used by many of the region's mills and formed a partnership with his blood brother-in-law to produce iron for employ in machinery structure. But Slater spread himself besides thin and was unable to coordinate or integrate his many unlike business interests. He refused to go outside his family to hire managers, and, after 1829, he made his sons partners in the new umbrella business firm of Samuel Slater and Sons. His son Horatio Nelson Slater completely reorganized the family unit business, introduced price-cutting measures, and giving up old-fashioned procedures. Slater & Company became one of the leading manufacturing companies in the Us.[ commendation needed ] Due to the oppressive rules and working atmospheric condition and a proposed cut of 25% in the wages of women workers by Slater and the other Mill Owners near Pawtucket, in 1824, this area was the site of the get-go mill strike in US history. Thus beginning the long struggle for human rights between factory workers and owners, which is continuing today.[10]

Slater also hired recruiters to search for families willing to work at the mill. He advertised to concenter more families to the mills.[ citation needed ]

Industrialization [edit]

Grave site of Samuel Slater, Mt. Zion Cemetery, Webster, Massachusetts

By 1800, the Slater mill's success had been duplicated by other entrepreneurs. By 1810, Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin reported that the U.S. had some fifty cotton-yarn mills, many of them started in response to the Embargo of 1807 that cut off imports from United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland earlier the War of 1812. That state of war resulted in speeding up the process of industrialization in New England. By war's end in 1815, there were 140 cotton manufacturers within 30 miles of Providence, employing 26,000 hands and operating 130,000 spindles. The American textile industry was launched.

Personal life [edit]

In 1791, Slater married Hannah Wilkinson; she invented two-ply thread, becoming, in 1793, the commencement American woman to be granted a patent.[11] Samuel and Hannah had ten children together, although four died during infancy. Hannah died in 1812 from complications of childbirth, leaving Samuel with six young children to heighten.[12] Forth with his brother, Samuel started the Slater family in America.

Slater married for a second time in 1817 to a widow, Esther Parkinson. Equally his business concern was extremely successful by this fourth dimension, and as Parkinson also owned the holding before their matrimony, the couple had a pre-nuptial agreement prepared.[12]

Slater died on April 21, 1835, in Webster, Massachusetts, a boondocks which he had founded in 1832 and named for his friend Senator Daniel Webster. At the time of his death, he endemic 13 mills and was worth The states$i.3 million, the equivalent in 2022 of The states$ 42 meg.

Legacy and honors [edit]

Slater's original manufacturing plant still stands, known today equally Slater Mill and listed on the National Register of Celebrated Places. It is operated as a museum dedicated to preserving Samuel Slater's history and his contribution to American industry. Slater's original mill in Pawtucket and the town of Slatersville are both parts of the Blackstone River Valley National Historical Park, which was created to preserve and interpret the history of the industrial evolution of the region.

His papers are held at the Harvard Business Schoolhouse's Baker Library.[thirteen]

References [edit]

  1. ^ Klepper, Michael; Gunther, Michael (1996), The Wealthy 100: From Benjamin Franklin to Bill Gates—A Ranking of the Richest Americans, Past and Nowadays , Secaucus, New Bailiwick of jersey: Carol Publishing Group, p. xiii, ISBN978-0-8065-1800-8, OCLC 33818143
  2. ^ a b c d Everett et al. (Slater Written report Group) (2006) "Samuel Slater – Hero or Traitor?" Milford, Derbyshire: Maypole Promotions
  3. ^ A possible crusade of confusion may exist that some old British textbooks record that Slater was at New Mills in Cheshire, now in Derbyshire. His indentures, withal, ain the Arkwright Club and clearly record his being apprenticed at "New Mills in the Parish of Duffield" – present-day Milford, Derbyshire
  4. ^ "Samuel Slater: American hero or British traitor?", BBC, September 22, 2011.
  5. ^ White, Yard.Southward., (1836) Memoir of Samuel Slater, Philadelphia: reprinted Augustus M. Kelly, 1967 in Everett et al. (Slater Study Group)
  6. ^ Early History of Webster, Dudley, and Oxford, by Paul J. Macek & James R. Morrison
  7. ^ "Samuel Slater and Moses Brownish Change America" Archived May 27, 2009, at the Wayback Auto
  8. ^ Tucker (1984)
  9. ^ Tucker (2008), p. 102
  10. ^ "Girl Power: The 1824 Mill Strike in America". New England Historical Social club. August 3, 2018. Retrieved November twenty, 2020.
  11. ^ "History Detectives: Women inventors". PBS.
  12. ^ a b Newell, Aimee (2013). A Sew in Fourth dimension: The Needlework of Crumbling Women in Antebellum America. Ohio University Press. p. 120.
  13. ^ Linard, Laura; Sverdloff, Brent M. (Winter 1997). "Not Just Business equally Usual: Evolving Trends in Historical Research at Baker Library". The American Archivist. lx (1): 88–98. doi:10.17723/aarc.lx.1.b206x3524218568l. JSTOR 40294027.

Bibliography

  • Cameron, Edward H. Samuel Slater, Father of American Manufactures (1960) scholarly biography
  • Conrad, Jr., James L. "'Bulldoze That Co-operative': Samuel Slater, the Ability Loom, and the Writing of America's Material History", Technology and Civilisation, Vol. 36, No. 1 (Jan. 1995), pp. i–28 in JSTOR
  • Everett et al. (Slater Report Group) (2006) "Samuel Slater – Hero or Traitor?" Milford, Derbyshire: Maypole Promotions. Formative years in Derbyshire.
  • Tucker, Barbara Grand. "The Merchant, the Manufacturer, and the Factory Manager: The Case of Samuel Slater", Business concern History Review, Vol. 55, No. iii (Fall, 1981), pp. 297–313 in JSTOR
  • Tucker, Barbara M. Samuel Slater and the Origins of the American Textile Industry, 1790–1860 (1984)
  • Tucker, Barbara M., and Kenneth H. Tucker. Industrializing Antebellum America: The Ascension of Manufacturing Entrepreneurs in the Early Commonwealth (2008)
  • White, George S. Memoir of Samuel Slater: The Male parent of American Manufactures (1836, repr. 1967)

External links [edit]

  • Slater Mill website
  • Slater Mill, Sarah Leavitt, Arcadia Publishing, 1997 ISBN 978-0-7524-0567-4
  • VIDEO "Samuel Slater – Hero or Traitor?" (2006) Maypole Promotions
  • Slater family business records at Baker Library Special Collections, Harvard Business organisation School

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Slater