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Home / What Animal Has the Reproductive Organs Closest to That of Humans

What Animal Has the Reproductive Organs Closest to That of Humans

Organization of organs inside an organism which work together for the purpose of reproduction

This article is near the reproductive organization of all types of animals, including humans. For information specific to the human reproductive system, see Man reproductive system.

Reproductive organisation
Details
Identifiers
Latin systema reproductionis
TA98 A09.0.00.000
TA2 3467
Anatomical terminology

[edit on Wikidata]

The reproductive organization of an organism, as well known as the genital system, is the biological system made upwardly of all the anatomical organs involved in sexual reproduction. Many non-living substances such as fluids, hormones, and pheromones are also important accessories to the reproductive arrangement.[1] Unlike most organ systems, the sexes of differentiated species oftentimes have significant differences. These differences allow for a combination of genetic fabric between two individuals, which allows for the possibility of greater genetic fitness of the offspring.[two]

Animals [edit]

In mammals, the major organs of the reproductive organisation include the external genitalia (penis and vulva) besides equally a number of internal organs, including the gamete-producing gonads (testicles and ovaries). Diseases of the homo reproductive arrangement are very common and widespread, particularly communicable sexually transmitted diseases.[3]

Most other vertebrates take similar reproductive systems consisting of gonads, ducts, and openings. However, there is a great diverseness of physical adaptations as well as reproductive strategies in every grouping of vertebrates.

Vertebrates [edit]

Vertebrates share key elements of their reproductive systems. They all have gamete-producing organs known as gonads. In females, these gonads are then connected by oviducts to an opening to the outside of the torso, typically the cloaca, but sometimes to a unique pore such as a vagina or intromittent organ.

Humans [edit]

The homo reproductive organization usually involves internal fertilization by sexual intercourse. During this procedure, the male inserts their cock penis into the female's vagina and ejaculates semen, which contains sperm. The sperm then travels through the vagina and cervix into the uterus or fallopian tubes for fertilization of the ovum. Upon successful fertilization and implantation, gestation of the fetus then occurs within the female's uterus for approximately nine months, this procedure is known equally pregnancy in humans. Gestation ends with childbirth, delivery post-obit labor. Labor consists of the muscles of the uterus contracting, the cervix dilating, and the babe passing out the vagina (the female person genital organ). Homo's babies and children are about helpless and require loftier levels of parental care for many years. One important type of parental intendance is the use of the mammary glands in the female person breasts to nurse the baby.[4]

The female reproductive system has two functions: The outset is to produce egg cells, and the second is to protect and nourish the offspring until nascency. The male reproductive system has 1 function, and it is to produce and deposit sperm. Humans have a high level of sexual differentiation. In add-on to differences in nearly every reproductive organ, numerous differences typically occur in secondary sexual characteristics.

Male person [edit]

The male person reproductive system is a series of organs located exterior of the trunk and around the pelvic region of a male that contribute towards the reproduction process. The primary direct part of the male reproductive organization is to provide the male sperm for fertilization of the ovum.

The major reproductive organs of the male can exist grouped into 3 categories. The get-go category is sperm product and storage. Production takes place in the testes which are housed in the temperature regulating scrotum, immature sperm then travel to the epididymis for development and storage. The 2nd category is the ejaculatory fluid-producing glands which include the seminal vesicles, prostate, and the vas deferens. The final category are those used for copulation, and deposition of the spermatozoa (sperm) within the male, these include the penis, urethra, vas deferens, and Cowper'due south gland.

Major secondary sex characteristics include larger, more muscular stature, deepened vox, facial and body hair, broad shoulders, and development of an Adam'southward apple. An important sexual hormone of males is androgen, and particularly testosterone.

The testes release a hormone that controls the development of sperm. This hormone is likewise responsible for the development of concrete characteristics in men such as facial hair and a deep voice.

Female [edit]

The homo female reproductive system is a series of organs primarily located inside of the body and effectually the pelvic region of a female that contribute towards the reproductive process. The human female person reproductive organization contains three main parts: the vulva, which leads to the vagina, the vaginal opening, to the uterus; the uterus, which holds the developing fetus; and the ovaries, which produce the female person'south ova. The breasts are involved during the parenting stage of reproduction, but in most classifications they are not considered to exist part of the female reproductive arrangement.

The vagina meets the exterior at the vulva, which also includes the labia, clitoris and urethra; during intercourse this area is lubricated past mucus secreted by the Bartholin's glands. The vagina is attached to the uterus through the cervix, while the uterus is attached to the ovaries via the fallopian tubes. Each ovary contains hundreds of ova (singular ovum).

Approximately every 28 days, the pituitary gland releases a hormone that stimulates some of the ova to develop and abound. 1 ovum is released and it passes through the fallopian tube into the uterus. Hormones produced by the ovaries prepare the uterus to receive the ovum. The ovum will move through her fallopian tubes and awaits the sperm for fertilization to occur. When this does not occur i.e. no sperm for fertilization, the lining of the uterus, called the endometrium, and unfertilized ova are shed each cycle through the procedure of menstruation. If the ovum is fertilized past sperm, it will attach to the endometrium and embryonic development will begin.

Other mammals [edit]

About mammal reproductive systems are similar, however, at that place are some notable differences between the non-human mammals and humans. For instance, near male person mammals accept a penis which is stored internally until erect, and most have a penis os or baculum.[five] Additionally, males of most species do not remain continually sexually fertile equally humans do. Like humans, most groups of mammals have descended testicles found inside a scrotum, nonetheless, others have descended testicles that rest on the ventral torso wall, and a few groups of mammals, such every bit elephants, have undescended testicles found deep inside their torso cavities nearly their kidneys.[6]

The reproductive organization of marsupials is unique in that the female person has two vaginae, both of which open externally through one orifice merely lead to different compartments inside the uterus; males usually take a two-pronged penis, which corresponds to the females' two vaginae.[7] [8] Marsupials typically develop their offspring in an external pouch containing teats to which their newborn young (joeys) attach themselves for post uterine development. Also, marsupials take a unique prepenial scrotum.[ix] The 15 mm ( five⁄eight  in) long newborn joey instinctively crawls and wriggles the 15 cm (6 in), while clinging to fur, on the way to its mother's pouch.

The uterus and vagina are unique to mammals with no homologue in birds, reptiles, amphibians, or fish.[ citation needed ] In place of the uterus the other vertebrate groups have an unmodified oviduct leading directly to a cloaca, which is a shared exit-pigsty for gametes, urine, and feces. Monotremes (i.e. platypus and echidnas), a group of egg-laying mammals, also lack a uterus and vagina, and in that respect have a reproductive organisation resembling that of a reptile.

Dogs [edit]

In domestic canines, sexual maturity (puberty) occurs betwixt the ages of 6 to 12 months for both males and females, although this can be delayed until up to ii years of age for some big breeds.

Horses [edit]

The mare's reproductive organisation is responsible for controlling gestation, nascency, and lactation, also as her estrous bike and mating behavior. The stallion's reproductive system is responsible for his sexual behavior and secondary sex characteristics (such as a large crest).

Birds [edit]

Male and female birds accept a cloaca, an opening through which eggs, sperm, and wastes laissez passer. Intercourse is performed by pressing the lips of the cloacae together, which is sometimes known as intromittent organ which is known as a phallus that is coordinating to the mammals' penis. The female person lays amniotic eggs in which the young fetus continues to develop after it leaves the female'due south body. Dissimilar most vertebrates female person birds typically have merely one functional ovary and oviduct.[10] Equally a group, birds, like mammals, are noted for their high level of parental care.

Reptiles [edit]

Reptiles are most all sexually dimorphic, and exhibit internal fertilization through the cloaca. Some reptiles lay eggs while others are ovoviviparous (animals that deliver live young). Reproductive organs are plant within the cloaca of reptiles. Nearly male reptiles have copulatory organs, which are usually retracted or inverted and stored inside the body. In turtles and crocodilians, the male has a single median penis-like organ, while male person snakes and lizards each possess a pair of penis-like organs.

A male common frog in nuptial colors waiting for more females to come in a mass of spawn

Amphibians [edit]

Most amphibians exhibit external fertilization of eggs, typically within the h2o, though some amphibians such as caecilians have internal fertilization.[eleven] All have paired, internal gonads, connected past ducts to the cloaca.

Fish [edit]

Fish exhibit a wide range of different reproductive strategies. Nearly fish, however, are oviparous and exhibit external fertilization. In this process, females use their cloaca to release big quantities of their gametes, chosen spawn into the water and ane or more males release "milt", a white fluid containing many sperm over the unfertilized eggs. Other species of fish are oviparous and have internal fertilization aided past pelvic or anal fins that are modified into an intromittent organ analogous to the human being penis.[12] A small portion of fish species are either viviparous or ovoviviparous, and are collectively known every bit livebearers.[13]

Fish gonads are typically pairs of either ovaries or testes. Most fish are sexually dimorphic simply some species are hermaphroditic or unisexual.[14]

Invertebrates [edit]

Invertebrates accept an extremely diverse array of reproductive systems, the merely commonality may exist that they all lay eggs. Also, aside from cephalopods and arthropods, well-nigh all other invertebrates are hermaphroditic and exhibit external fertilization.

Cephalopods [edit]

All cephalopods are sexually dimorphic and reproduce past laying eggs. About cephalopods have semi-internal fertilization, in which the male places his gametes inside the female'due south mantle cavity or pallial cavity to fertilize the ova establish in the female person's single ovary.[15] Likewise, male person cephalopods have only a single testicle. In the female of most cephalopods the nidamental glands aid in development of the egg.

The "penis" in near unshelled male cephalopods (Coleoidea) is a long and muscular end of the gonoduct used to transfer spermatophores to a modified arm chosen a hectocotylus. That in turn is used to transfer the spermatophores to the female person. In species where the hectocotylus is missing, the "penis" is long and able to extend across the pall crenel and transfer the spermatophores directly to the female.

Insects [edit]

Virtually insects reproduce oviparously, i.e. by laying eggs. The eggs are produced by the female in a pair of ovaries. Sperm, produced by the male in 1 testis or more normally two, is transmitted to the female person during mating by means of external genitalia. The sperm is stored inside the female in one or more than spermathecae. At the fourth dimension of fertilization, the eggs travel along oviducts to exist fertilized by the sperm and are so expelled from the body ("laid"), in nigh cases via an ovipositor.

Arachnids [edit]

Arachnids may take one or ii gonads, which are located in the abdomen. The genital opening is normally located on the underside of the second abdominal segment. In near species, the male transfers sperm to the female in a package, or spermatophore. Complex courting rituals accept evolved in many arachnids to ensure the safe delivery of the sperm to the female.[sixteen]

Arachnids usually lay yolky eggs, which hatch into immatures that resemble adults. Scorpions, however, are either ovoviviparous or viviparous, depending on species, and comport live young.

Plants [edit]

Amid all living organisms, flowers, which are the reproductive structures of angiosperms, are the most varied physically and prove a correspondingly swell diversity in methods of reproduction.[17] Plants that are non flowering plants (green algae, mosses, liverworts, hornworts, ferns and gymnosperms such as conifers) also accept complex interplays betwixt morphological adaptation and environmental factors in their sexual reproduction. The breeding system, or how the sperm from one plant fertilizes the ovum of some other, depends on the reproductive morphology, and is the single most important determinant of the genetic construction of nonclonal found populations. Christian Konrad Sprengel (1793) studied the reproduction of flowering plants and for the kickoff time information technology was understood that the pollination process involved both biotic and abiotic interactions.

Fungi [edit]

Fungal reproduction is complex, reflecting the differences in lifestyles and genetic makeup inside this various kingdom of organisms.[xviii] It is estimated that a third of all fungi reproduce using more than one method of propagation; for case, reproduction may occur in two well-differentiated stages inside the life cycle of a species, the teleomorph and the anamorph.[19] Environmental weather condition trigger genetically adamant developmental states that lead to the creation of specialized structures for sexual or asexual reproduction. These structures aid reproduction by efficiently dispersing spores or spore-containing propagules.

See also [edit]

  • Major systems of the human torso
  • Reproductive organization disease
  • Homo sexuality
  • Human sexual behavior
  • Institute sexuality
  • Meiosis

References [edit]

  1. ^ Introduction to the Reproductive System, Epidemiology and Cease Results (SEER) Program. Archived October 24, 2007, at the Wayback Car
  2. ^ Reproductive System 2001 Body Guide powered by Adam
  3. ^ STD's Today Archived 2014-10-25 at the Wayback Motorcar National Prevention Network, Middle for Illness Control, U.s.a. Government, retrieving 2007
  4. ^ Sexual Reproduction in Humans. 2006. John Westward. Kimball. Kimball's Biology Pages, and online textbook.
  5. ^ Schultz, Nicholas 1000., et al. "The baculum was gained and lost multiple times during mammalian evolution." Integrative and comparative biology 56.4 (2016): 644-656.
  6. ^ Werdelin L, Nilsonne A (January 1999). "The evolution of the scrotum and testicular descent in mammals: a phylogenetic view". J. Theor. Biol. 196 (i): 61–72. doi:ten.1006/jtbi.1998.0821. PMID 9892556.
  7. ^ C. Hugh Tyndale-Biscoe (2005). Life of Marsupials. Csiro Publishing. ISBN978-0-643-06257-iii.
  8. ^ Don Two Hunsaker (two December 2012). The Biological science of Marsupials. Elsevier Science. ISBN978-0-323-14620-3.
  9. ^ Renfree, Marilyn; Tyndale-Biscoe, C. H. (1987). Reproductive physiology of marsupials. Cambridge, Great britain: Cambridge Academy Press. ISBN0-521-33792-5.
  10. ^ Ritchison. BIO 554/754 Ornithology. Eastern Kentucky Academy.
  11. ^ Grzimek, B. (1974). Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia: Volume 5 Fishes II & Amphibians. New York: Van Nostrand Reihnhold Co. pp. 301–302. ASIN B000HHFY52.
  12. ^ Fish Reproduction
  13. ^ Science, Biology, and Terminology of Fish reproduction: Reproductive modes and strategies-part 1. 2002. MARTIN MOE. THE BREEDER'S Net Online Magazine
  14. ^ Bony Fish Reproduction 2002. SeaWorld/Busch Gardens Brute Information Database.
  15. ^ Cephalopods. Archived 2007-10-twenty at the Wayback Auto The Living World of Molluscs. Robert Nordsieck.
  16. ^ Robert D. Barnes (1982). Invertebrate Zoology. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 596–604. ISBN0-03-056747-5.
  17. ^ Barrett, S.C.H. (2002). "The development of plant sexual diverseness" (PDF). Nature Reviews Genetics. iii (4): 274–284. doi:10.1038/nrg776. PMID 11967552. S2CID 7424193.
  18. ^ Alexopoulos et al., pp. 48–56.
  19. ^ Kirk et al., p. 633.

Cited literature [edit]

  • Alexopoulos CJ, Mims CW, Blackwell M (1996). Introductory Mycology. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN0-471-52229-five.
  • Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. ISBN978-0-85199-826-8.

External links [edit]

ligertwoodwhoustatich.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_system